Explain Irenaeus Theodicy Essay Example for Free

Explain Irenaeus Theodicy Essay The Irenaeus Theodicy, often called Soul Making, is a counterpart to Augustines Theodicy, yet it is also and opposing argument. While Augustine stated that evil came from humans and Adam in Genesis, Irenaeus proposes that evil is opposing the human races bid to become one with God. Irenaeustheodicy differs from Augustines, as it is more in the sense that God created evil, whereas Augustine described its existence to be more of a mistake. Yet some of Irenaeus points relate to Augustines, though are different forms as they are based on different opinions. Irenaeus battles the problem of the inconsistent triad by saying that God is omnipotent, omnibenevolent and omnificent and evil does exist, but that we, as a race, are not perfect. He believes that at the moment of creation we were not at all perfect, but drastically flawed. And to become one with God, as God intended, we must work toward that goal. The idea that we must work towards God places him in a higher realm. It is this epistemic distance that evil fills and we must fight through. John Hick, a perpetrator of this Theodicy states that: In order to be a person, exercising some measure of genuine freedom, the creature must be brought into existence, not in the immediate divine presence, but at a distance from God. Evil comes in as the obstacle coarse in the way of the ultimate prize. After all, with such a great goal, it shouldnt be easy. Though this doesnt really answer the question of where evil came from, or why God allows it. Irenaeus believes that we chose it when humanity fell in Creation. That justifies moral evil. But what of natural evil? Why did God want this journey to take place in such a hazardous environment, with earthquakes and pestilence, and in such frail form, which is susceptible to such dangers? Hicks response is that moral and spiritual development does not take place in a static environment but comes as the result of challenge and struggle and because we live in a world where pain and suffering is real our actions have real moral consequences for both ourselves and others. Any world where this was not the case would be one where the distinction between right and  wrong could not be made. In saying this, Hick is accused of belittling some of the worlds more excessive examples of evil. The holocaust for example. But in this modern day and age, where Nihilistic attitudes are taking over, people dieing is seen as less of an evil. After all, if you kill one, whats the difference in killing six million? He further argues that those who say that any kind of omnibenevolent wouldnt allow evil to exist full stop are depriving themselves of freedom that humanity entails. For God to get involved in every act of evil that occurs would deprave us of the free will that God gave. And it would reduce God, the ultimate creator of the universe, to a human plaything. If that happened he would no longer be God, as we would control him. As Irenaeus said, If anyone do shun the knowledge of both kinds of things he unaware divests himself of the character of a human being. As far as criticisms go, it is to optimistic. It is essentially an everything will work out in the end theory, that we will end up at Gods side after a long struggle and every thing will be happily ever after in heaven. But if we do that, there is really no reason for a God to make us happy, which negates Augustine and Irenaeus theories. Also, he is basing all of this on the bases that God exists. For that reason, atheists dont hold to this argument at all. Overall, atheists dont hold to this on the basis that they believe that God doesnt exist; therefore there is no ultimate cause. Theists like this theodicy as it allows them to keep their ideal of an omnipotent etc god, but does justify evil. Reasoned arguments cannot account for the amount of evil in the world Discuss A reasoned argument is one that has no empirical bases. Therefore it is a posteri. In the case of evil, the two theodicies of Augustine and Irenaeus  are reasoned. There is no physical base of proof for either. For Augustine, the bible cant be proved; the Christ event cant be proved to have improved our worth in terms of evil either. The same for Irenaeus, we cant prove that we are heading for paradise as no one has ever come back to tell us. But we cant deny the fact that there is a lot of injustice exists and, if we could measure it, evil is a large digit. But the amount of evil in the world has no quantity. How can we measure something that is essentially a human concept? Cheetahs have no idea that killing an innocent gazelle is classified as evil. After all, the gazelle did nothing to harm the cheetah. But the predator has cubs to feed and hasnt eaten for days. So putting those two facts together justifies the original statement. But just because we cant justify the quantity doesnt mean we cant do anything about it. To date, the better off countries have dropped about  £30 million in 3rd world debt. The Live Aid concert that happened all around the world has raised awareness of the plight of those less well off. While it is an undisputable fact that people are still suffering through both moral and natural evils, something is being done to lower the quantity of evils.

Roddy Doyles Paddy Clark: No More Laughing For Paddy Essay -- essays r

Roddy Doyle's Paddy Clark: No More Laughing for Paddy Yer Name Here Poetry/Fiction Paddy Clarke Roddy Doyle's Paddy Clarke HA HA HA was a beautifully written book. It perfectly captures the mind of a ten year old boy in Ireland during the mid- 1960's. Paddy Clarke, the young boy who Doyle uses to enter the mind of a ten year old, is a boy who most can relate to. The book explores most aspects of life through the eyes of Paddy. Doyle takes us through childhood and childhood's end. Doyle is able to seize the complexities of life, but at the same time simplify them enough for ten year old. Everything is a mystery or an adventure to Paddy and his friends. From taking over construction sites to receiving polio check-ups. However not everything is a game to Paddy. His parents lack of compatibility troubles Paddy and his brother Sinbad greatly. The intensity of his parents arguments accelerate as the book goes on. At times Paddy feels he can stop them, at one point he considers himself a "referee" in the fights. "I didn't know what I'd do. If I was there he wouldn't do it again, that was all."(p.191) He ends up contemplating who he would want to win. He comes to the conclusion that he would want his mom to win because she does so much for him, however his father is his father and he loves him. Sinbad reacts differently to his parents fighting. He doesn't try to intervene ...

Business Report

It is specialized in the selling of clothing, home products and luxury food products. Indeed, the company concentrate itself on quality products for well off customers. It Is employing more that 85 81 3 person all over the world In 2014 and got a turnover retailer market. II. Findings A. Structure Over its development M&S has changed of structure. It became over the years, a flatter structure organization. Employees got more responsibilities that enable them to take quick decision. They must be prepared to explain and Justify the decision they take.In order to development that structure, M&S has given more importance to the development of employees ‘ careers by set up training and reviewing of skills in concussion session between employees. Moreover, employees are able to create a career planning profile that enables them to focus on their next target role. It shows how M is supporting the development of skills within the company. The aim of this strategy is to make evolve with out interruption the skills of employees and by this improve performance of the company.It brings benefits to both parts for they own development. By training and developing its staff well, Marks & Spencer is in a position to develop a competitive advantage over its competitors. M success is due to its guiding principles: Inspiration – generating new ideas that excite customers, enthuse people and enhance business. Innovation – focusing on continuous improvement, pushing boundaries and encouraging experimentation. Integrity – doing the right thing, not the easy thing; building trust and reinforcing our reputation.In Touch – understanding what's important to customers, the communities in which it works. M&S is also engaged a Policy of Equal Opportunities Policy in order to diversify employees. They promote an environment free from discrimination, harassment to ensure everyone equality of opportunity to achieve their potential. All employment decision is ob jective based on work criteria and individual merit. M&S try to maximize personal and commercial opportunities. M&S think that employees need to be well rewarded for the work.That's why they developed a reward package that's proven to attract, motivate and retain the best people. This package include: Pay – Checking salaries against other companies to make sure of the competitiveness of M&S. Moreover, extra performance is rewarded by increasing pay to recognize individual achievements. Employee discount: Every employee gets a 20 % discount on all in tore and online purchase. Holiday- Employees get a minimum of 28 days ‘statutory holiday per year. Bonus: M give out bonus when the company has good profit. Business Report As a world-leading cosmetic company of Australia and established in 1985, Jurlique has expanded its customers at a staggering rate recently. I have used its products for many years and am one of its loyal customers. Although Jurlique has conducted its businesses beyond Australia and gradually penetrated into many other countries, it neglects an imperative country that can contribute to boost its sales and profits significantly, namely China. Because Jurlique has not entered into Chinese market, every time I come back to China, my relatives and friends always will ask me to bring them its products. Therefore, I am thinking whether Jurlique can expand its businesses into Chinese market so that its loyal customers can purchase its products conveniently and easily. It is widely know that the most unique quality of Jurlique is its natural elements in products. Almost all the other cosmetic products contain various chemical compositions that may potentially have subtle negative influence on customers. However, Jurlique plants raw materials that its products need on its own and provides pure and natural materials for its products, so that these products are environmental friendly. Due to such unique character, Jurlique gradually attracts more and more loyal customers. Thus, for Jurlique, operating its businesses in China becomes increasingly necessary. With Chinese cheap labour, Jurlique can establish factory in China to manufacture its products. And with the assistance of excellent marketing strategies, there is no doubt that Jurlique can achieve huge success in Chinese market. Executive Summary Jurlique can select China to be its target country. As an emerging country, China has the highest GDP growth around the world. This situation means that there are numerous opportunities for various companies to conduct their businesses in this emerging market. Hence, Jurlique can profit from these numerous opportunities by operating its businesses there. Furthermore, owning the largest population around the world, there is no denying that China has significant potential for digesting the products of Jurlique. To be more specific, Chinese people are more affluent than before. It is universally acknowledged that during the economic crisis period, Chinese people contribute the most to continue flourishing luxury industry. And Chinese women lay more emphasis on their faces than before, thereby providing enormous opportunity for cosmetic industry. Consequently, China is an extremely appropriate choice for Jurlique to expand its business. Because Jurlique is a famous brand around the world and and belongs to high-end products. Therefore, it mainly targets its customers in China at affluent people. Although affluent people only account for small part of the whole Chinese people, due to the large population base, there are still a large number of Chinese people to spend money on its products. Jurlique can distribute its products in China mainly through two ways. The first one is online sales. The prevalent online shopping phenomenon in China can help Jurlique reach the most potential customer. The other one is set up counters in shopping malls, which is the most frequent places people go to buy cosmetics. Campaign Strategy It has been mentioned that the main potential customers of Jurlique are affluent women. And those women generally live in such big cities as Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen and so on. Therefore, Jurlique can start its business from the Chinese fashion city, namely Shanghai. It is widely known that Shanghai women usually spend more time and money than others on makeup. And then this company can gradually penetrate its business into other cities and take full advantages of Chinese market to expand its businesses, thereby achieving high profits. Undeniably, the giant influence of advertisement can not be ignored and therefore the first step of starting Jurlique's business should be effective advertising. Firstly, appropriate slogan should be made. Because the unique quality of Jurlique is its natural and pure raw material and the main function of its products is make women be beautiful and charming, the brand slogan can be â€Å"for your natural beauty†. As to advertisement, Chinese people should be its models in order to show people directly that products of Jurlique can beautify not only western people but also eastern people. In order to boost its sales effectively and smoothly, Jurlique should conduct some promotions in accordance with local culture. And the most effective promotional method should be advertising (Gabriel, Kottasz, Bennett, 2006). There are a host of ways can be used for advertising. The most effective one is TV advertising. To be more precise, there are numerous fashion programs on TV now and they attract a vast number of fashion people to be their audience. More importantly, some TV stations even specially set up a fashion channel to broadcast fashion related programs. As a consequence, by advertising on these channels, Jurlique can effectively and efficiently cover its target customers as many as possible. Additionally, Jurlique also can advertise on fashion magazines. These magazines have the same target customers as Jurlique and therefore can effectively and efficiently deliver its information to customers. Another advertising way is billboards. They generally should be established in subway station (Low, Mohr, 2000), because in China, the majority of white-collars who can be potential customers of Jurlique are prone to take subway when getting off work. During the time of waiting for trains, people usually have nothing to do. If there are some gorgeous billboards in front of them, they are inclined to staring at these billboards to appreciate their fabulous content. And them, these people may be motivated in large distance to buy the advertised products. In order to make Jurlique operate smoothly in China, this company also should consider the timeline and costs of its expansion. As to timeline, Jurlique can start its business from Shanghai. About several months later, its business can be expanded to Beijing, and then other big cities. Turning to cost, it is one of the most crucial parts for company, because it relates to its profits. For cosmetic business, advertisements usually occupy the most costs, because gorgeous and luxury advertising contents can contribute to consolidate its high-end position and the high price can offset increased cost in advertisement (Mitchel, 1985). As a result, Jurlique can allocate more money on advertising costs than other aspects. Business Report It is specialized in the selling of clothing, home products and luxury food products. Indeed, the company concentrate itself on quality products for well off customers. It Is employing more that 85 81 3 person all over the world In 2014 and got a turnover retailer market. II. Findings A. Structure Over its development M&S has changed of structure. It became over the years, a flatter structure organization. Employees got more responsibilities that enable them to take quick decision. They must be prepared to explain and Justify the decision they take.In order to development that structure, M&S has given more importance to the development of employees ‘ careers by set up training and reviewing of skills in concussion session between employees. Moreover, employees are able to create a career planning profile that enables them to focus on their next target role. It shows how M is supporting the development of skills within the company. The aim of this strategy is to make evolve with out interruption the skills of employees and by this improve performance of the company.It brings benefits to both parts for they own development. By training and developing its staff well, Marks & Spencer is in a position to develop a competitive advantage over its competitors. M success is due to its guiding principles: Inspiration – generating new ideas that excite customers, enthuse people and enhance business. Innovation – focusing on continuous improvement, pushing boundaries and encouraging experimentation. Integrity – doing the right thing, not the easy thing; building trust and reinforcing our reputation.In Touch – understanding what's important to customers, the communities in which it works. M&S is also engaged a Policy of Equal Opportunities Policy in order to diversify employees. They promote an environment free from discrimination, harassment to ensure everyone equality of opportunity to achieve their potential. All employment decision is ob jective based on work criteria and individual merit. M&S try to maximize personal and commercial opportunities. M&S think that employees need to be well rewarded for the work.That's why they developed a reward package that's proven to attract, motivate and retain the best people. This package include: Pay – Checking salaries against other companies to make sure of the competitiveness of M&S. Moreover, extra performance is rewarded by increasing pay to recognize individual achievements. Employee discount: Every employee gets a 20 % discount on all in tore and online purchase. Holiday- Employees get a minimum of 28 days ‘statutory holiday per year. Bonus: M give out bonus when the company has good profit.

Personality and temperament of children Essay

In the past several years, day care has become the norm in most American families especially that more and more women are joining the workforce and this has become integrated into the welfare system (Davies, 1998). Over the years, research has been active in determining the positive and negative effects of day care to the mental health and cognitive functioning of young children. Results at best have provided evidence that good quality day care is a positive experience for young children (Davies, 1998). On the other hand, proving that day care can significantly affect the mental health and cognitive functioning of the child has remained ambiguous. Establishing causality between use of day care and child mental health and cognitive functioning is difficult because of several variables that might confound the results of the research study. First of this is the inherent personality and temperament of children, measuring child temperament of very young children is cumbersome and difficult coupled with the fact that valid instruments might not be available at this time. It is a fact that mental health and adjustment and cognitive functioning in young children are influenced by their traits and individual differences, hence one could not absolutely say that use of day care would lead to better mental health adjustment and cognitive functioning. Second is the parenting styles of the child’s parents, the child in day care might have involved, authoritative parents or they might have detached and autocratic parents. Although parenting style can be assessed through parenting instruments but it does not clearly provide an explanation as to how a child behaves or how prepared he/she is to interact with children and other caregivers. It is therefore possible that a child that attends a day care center would be socially adept and well adjusted but this could be easily a product of his/her family set-up and parenting style rather than being in day care. Lastly, establishing causality means that the research must prove that the use of day care causes the betterment or deterioration of the child’s mental health and cognitive functioning, this alone is a methodological challenge since day care is made up of several elements lumped into the concept of day care and one factor such as playing with children may have an effect in cognitive functioning but not in mental health. Meanwhile, measuring mental health and cognitive functioning in young children would entail that the research be a longitudinal study since these variables are not manifested in very young children, hence following original research participants for a period of 10 or 15 years might be a more valid design, but one also has to account that children through the years are shaped by their educational experiences in formal schooling and this may inadvertently influence the results of the study in favor of day care when in fact what has been measured was educational experiences in later years. References Davies, C. (1998), Assessing outcomes in child care: An international perspective. Children & Society,12; 3, pp. 155-160. Harvey, E. A. (1999). Short-term and long-term effects of early parental employment on children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Developmental Psychology, 35, 445-459. Available at http://euryale. sbs. umass. edu/users/eharvey/devpsycharticle. pdf

Describe A Christian Marriage Service Essays

Describe A Christian Marriage Service Essays Describe A Christian Marriage Service Essay Describe A Christian Marriage Service Essay Marriage is fundamentally where a heterosexual couple commit to each other to share the rest of there lives together death do us part However before such an momentous occasion happens their is much planning and preparation to be done.Firstly the men will traditionally ask the future wifes father about the possibility about marrying his daughter. If this wish is accepted then the man will progress to ask the woman to marry. If she agrees he will give her an engagement ring to symbolise their betrothed to each other. An engagement can last as long or short depending on the circumstances. For example money needs to be saved for property to move into after marrying. Also there is the wedding to prepare for which conventionally is paid for by the brides father.The marriage tends to take place at the couples local church and use the local priest. However in the case of differentiating religions, lack of money or just not wanting the flashy wedding the marriage is ge nerally held in a registry office but on it is also legal to marry in most placers now.The priest more often than not will have a meeting with the happy couple and have a general discussion with them about their happiness about the marriage. This is because the priest wants to be sure that the couple are totally in love as otherwise he will not agree to marry the pair. Also the bride will be asked by the priest if she wants to obey in her vows as it is now not necessary .He will also tell them if confetti is allowed as it causes a great deal of mess and has to be cleaned up.After the ceremony there usually is a party, which also needs to be organised. The couple need to choose bridesmaids, best man (whom is responsible for the rings) maid of honour who looks after the bridesmaid and the Paige boys.The brides dress is predominantly white to resemble purity of a virgin. The groom habitually wears a black suit to look smart. However nowadays it matters very little what is worn but peop le tend to keep to the traditional dress code.With the wedding looming there is at least 1 dress rehearsal, which involves the people whom are concerned such as the bride ; groom, bridesmaids, best man ect.On the evening before the wedding the men have what is called a stag night and women have a hen night to celebrate their last night of freedom. This is a modern affair, which has become more accepted and in some cases is expected.On the day of the wedding, nerves are high as all the planning is now hopefully worthwhile. And there are even sometimes second thoughts.The bride gets changed at her home with the help of the maid of honour and the bridesmaids. Then the extravagant and expensive car arrives (it is their wedding after all) and heads towards the church.The best man Sheppards the congregation into the church with the brooms family and friends on one side and the brides on the other. The priest stands at one end of the church where he is joined by the groom and best man. Onc e the bride arrives her father walks her to the altar followed by the maid of honour and the bridesmaid to a song played on the organ that is chosen at the meeting between the couple and the priest. The father then leaves his daughter who joins her soon to be husband in front of the priest.The priest then reads out the vows. He will then ask if anybody knows any reason why this couple cannot get married if people hold their silence then the wedding goes ahead but if there is a legal reason why they cant then the wedding is suspended.Once the wedding is finished the married couple must sign a document saying they are married. Once the ceremony is finished everyone exits the church andgoes to the planned party.

Controversy Around Groupware Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Controversy Around Groupware - Research Paper Example Groupware can be used to share ideas, to solve problems, to connect with global users, to share files, and for many other purposes. It is a highly effective technology for use in project management and problem-solving. Prior to selecting a particular software solution, a company needs to decide on its’ overall purpose. It is necessary to be as detailed as possible as to what kind of information-sharing is required and which people should be involved in the proposed project. â€Å"One primary problem has been identifying and measuring specific performance outcomes for diverse job categories† (OConnor, 1999). Time and money can easily be wasted when the needs of the project are not clearly outlined from the beginning. Once these primary considerations are decided upon, the project manager may select the proper application and get started. The manager of a group project may be surprised to find that users are sometimes not in agreement about using groupware applications. This may be because they are used to a specific way of doing things, they are concerned that their efforts will go unrewarded, that they are afraid of a stigma associated with their candid opinions, or any number of other reasons. Another problem which can arise from groupware is that users may find themselves sabotaging a project by veering off-topic or initiating conflicts with other users. Some groupware problems are very similar to the problems one can experience in a traditional group setting.

Trading goods and jobs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Trading goods and jobs - Essay Example Sweatshops are working environments with unhygienic inhumane conditions that are often viewed by most people in industrialised nations to be difficult and unsafe. The employees do not have much say in how the business is managed and how they are treated by their bosses. This can include extreme high temperatures, abuse from the employers, dangerous situations and exposure to harmful materials (Gordon, 65). The workers are normally required to work for such long hours without a break in between. Sweatshops are often associated with developing countries, although they may still exist in any country. The problem does not only stop with the working environment but there is also the problem of the low wages associated with sweatshops. In most countries with sweatshops, the employees are paid lower than the minimum wage that has been set by the government. Expecting someone to live on these low salaries is almost impossible. Majority of the employees spend more than they make, which implies that they go to bed hungry most of the time. In addition, the low wages are not enough to pay for their basic needs; it cannot take care of their families, school, rent and medical bills (Gordon, 70). Due to this, most of these people are forced to include the whole family in the work. The other major problem with sweatshops is child labour. For decades, people have been fighting against this although not much has changed. However, people still need to earn a living, even if it means that children are also involved in the work. Most families in the sweatshops are from poor families and are amenable to do whatever it takes to earn income. The employers, on the other hand, have no problem with this because child labour to them means cheap labour. Sweatshops usually involve low levels of technology and produce a variety of goods at once. This implies that it is cost saving for